0 - 1 Thank you for your purchase of Through the Microscope
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0 - 3 Instructions for buying Through the Microscope
1 - 3 Microbes have a large impact on human health
1 - 4 Microbes have profound effects on the environment
1 - 5 Microscopes and Microbes
1 - 6 Spontaneous generation was an attractive theory to many people, but was ultimately disproven.
1 - 7 Microbes are discovered to cause disease
2 - 2 Fundamental Properties of Matter
2 - 3 How we describe simple molecules
2 - 4 Shorthand for chemical reactions
2 - 5 Sugars are common components of the cell
2 - 6 Proteins are made of amino acids
3 - 2 Important structures in the cytoplasm
3 - 4 The Bacterial Cytoskeleton
3 - 6 The cell surface extends into the environment
3 - 7 Bacteria can exist in different cell states
3 - 9 Eukaryotic cells have much in common with prokaryotic cells
4 - 1 Introduction
4 - 2 DNA Structure and Replication
4 - 3 Errors can occur in DNA replication that create potential mutations
4 - 4 Errors in DNA can also occur outside of replication
4 - 5 Transcription involves the copying of DNA into RNA
4 - 6 The level of mRNA is a common regulatory point in prokaryotes
4 - 7 Translation is the conversion of mRNA into protein at the ribosome
4 - 8 The moving polymerase problem
4 - 9 Summary
5 - 1 Introduction
5 - 2 The cell is made up of a few common elements
5 - 3 Microbes can be classified based upon their nutritional requirements
5 - 4 Culture Media
5 - 5 Sterilization of media
5 - 6 Summary
6 - 1 Introduction
6 - 2 Describing bacterial growth and quantifying it
6 - 3 Measuring bacterial growth
6 - 4 Growth in laboratory culture
6 - 5 The environment greatly affects the growth of microbes
6 - 6 Summary
7 - 1 Introduction
7 - 2 Temperature is a common physical method for controlling microbes
7 - 3 Other physical forms of treatment
7 - 4 Chemical treatments act on microbes to prevent their growth
7 - 5 Antimicrobial activity is measured using standard tests
7 - 6 Summary
8 - 1 Introduction
8 - 2 Important foundations in metabolism
8 - 3 Enzymes are biological catalysts
8 - 4 Fermentation, energy generation without using a membrane
8 - 5 Respiration involves donation of electrons to an inorganic terminal electron acceptor
8 - 6 High-energy electrons are converted into ATP using a membrane
8 - 7 Many microbes are capable of anaerobic respiration
8 - 8 Some microbes can grow completely on inorganic sources of carbon, energy and electrons
8 - 9 Summary
9 - 1 Introduction
9 - 2 Photosynthetic microbes have several common characteristics
9 - 3 Light is collected by protein complexes containing photopigments
9 - 4 Purple bacteria, one class of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
9 - 5 The green bacteria are anoxygenic photosynthetics that form a chlorosome
9 - 6 The cyanobacteria perform oxygenic photosynthesis
9 - 7 Summary
10 - 1 Introduction
10 - 2 Assimilation of carbon
10 - 3 Nitrogen and Sulfur assimilation
10 - 4 Assimiliation of other elements
10 - 5 Amino acids and simple synthesis
10 - 6 The synthesis of some amino acids share common steps
10 - 7 Nucleotide and lipid biosynthesis involved complex pathways
10 - 8 Monomers are assembled to form polymers
10 - 9 Summary
11 - 1 Introduction
11 - 2 Regulation is a way to respond to a changing environment
11 - 3 The different types of regulation
11 - 4 Expression of the <i>lac</i> operon requires the presence of lactose and the absence of glucose
11 - 5 The tryptophan operon is controlled by repression, attenuation and feedback inhibition
11 - 6 Sporulation in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> is directed by sigma factors and turned on by a phosphorelay system
11 - 7 <i>Vibrio fischeri</i> senses cell density using a small diffusible molecule that binds to an activator
11 - 8 Heat-shock gene expression is controlled by sigma factors, mRNA secondary structure, and protein stability
11 - 9 Nitrogen fixation can be controlled by a positive activator, mRNA stability, and enzyme modification
11 - 10 Summary
12 - 1 Introduction
12 - 2 Sequencing and what it tells us
12 - 3 What are the applications of the information gained through genomics?
12 - 4 An introduction to genetics and genetic engineering
12 - 5 How to find a needle in a hay stack
12 - 6 Generation of random mutations
12 - 7 Gene Transfer Systems
12 - 8 Genetic mapping, complementation and gene fusions
12 - 9 Suppressors are second-site mutations that change the phenotype of a mutant to be more like that of the wild type
12 - 10 Summary
13 - 1 Introduction
13 - 2 Viral challenges and structures
13 - 3 The viral life cycle, early events
13 - 4 The viral life cycle, late events
13 - 5 Lambda phage is a lysogenic virus with double-stranded DNA.
13 - 6 T4 is a large, lytic phage with a large double-stranded DNA genome
13 - 7 P22 is a lysogenic, double-stranded DNA phage that was important in the development of bacterial genetics
13 - 8 P1 is a double-stranded DNA phage with an unusual ability to infect different hosts
13 - 9 Qβ is a small, single-stranded RNA virus
13 - 10 M13 has a genome composed of a single-stranded, circular DNA molecule
13 - 11 Summary
14 - 1 Introduction
14 - 2 Types of host-microbe interactions
14 - 3 Microbes face many challenges when associating with a host
14 - 4 Pathogenic outcomes
14 - 5 Some examples of host-microbe interactions
14 - 6 Microbes that live in close association with plants
14 - 7 Insects associate with microbes for nutrition and protection
14 - 8 The human microbiome
14 - 9 Summary
15 - 2 Important Introductory Concepts of the Immune System
15 - 3 Susceptibility to a Pathogen Varies Between and Even within Species
15 - 4 The Immune System Is a Complex Collection of Organs, Tissues, and Cells
15 - 5 The Innate Immune System
16 - 2 Adaptive Immunity - introductory concepts
16 - 3 B Lymphocytes - Humoral Immunity
17 - 1 Introduction
17 - 2 The beginnings of disease and efforts to combat them
17 - 3 Epidemiology helps to track disease outbreaks and stop them
17 - 4 Vaccines train the immune system to fight disease
17 - 5 Antimicrobial compounds directly inhibit or kill pathogens
17 - 6 Resistance to antibiotics has diminished the effectiveness of antibiotics
17 - 7 Summary
18 - 1 Introduction
18 - 2 Introduction to pathogenesis
18 - 3 <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> is an endospore forming microbe that can causes a lethal toxic infection called anthrax
18 - 4 <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> causes whooping cough and was a major killer of children
18 - 5 Streptococcal diseases are major causes of infectious disease
18 - 6 <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> causes a large number of human infections
18 - 7 The microbes of the tuberculosis complex are slow-growing pathogens that gradually destroy the host
18 - 8 Tetanus and botulism are intoxications caused by clostridia
18 - 9 <i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i> is the cause of diphtheria
18 - 10 Fungal infections
18 - 11 Cold and flu viruses
18 - 12 Summary
19 - 1 Introduction
19 - 2 <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Is the Cause of Many Ulcers
19 - 3 Some <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strains Cause Diarrheal Diseases by Colonizing the Intestine, while Others Are Capable of Extraintestinal Infections.
19 - 4 <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Causes a Common Form of Gastroenteritis
19 - 5 <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> Is the Cause of Cholera
19 - 6 Infections with protozoa
19 - 7 Infections with Helminths
19 - 8 The hepatitis viruses
19 - 9 Summary
20 - 1 Introduction
20 - 2 Chlamydia are intracellular pathogens that cause the most common forms of venereal disease
20 - 3 <i>Treponema pallidum</i> is the cause of syphilis
20 - 4 <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> causes the common sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea
20 - 5 Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acute immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
20 - 6 Herpes viruses cause cold sores and genital herpes
20 - 7 Ebola virus causes hemorrhagic disease with a high fatality rate
20 - 8 Summary
21 - 1 Introduction
21 - 2 <i>Yersinia pestis</i> is the causative agent of plague
21 - 3 <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> causes the tick-borne Lyme disease
21 - 4 <i>Plasmodium</i> species cause malaria
21 - 5 Trypanosomes cause two forms of trypanosomiasis
21 - 6 West Nile Virus causes a viral infection that can result in deadly encephalitis
21 - 7 Viroids and prions are infectious agents that are very different from viruses
21 - 8 Summary
22 - 1 Introduction
22 - 2 Defining Evolution in a microbial sense
22 - 3 Macromolecular sequence data shows how microbes evolve
22 - 4 A classification scheme that flows from evolution has many advantages over other methods
22 - 5 The results of molecular phylogenies - the tree of life and how it relates to Eukarya
22 - 6 Archaea are fundamentally different from bacteria and eukaryotes
22 - 7 Bacteria
22 - 8 Summary
23 - 1 Introduction
23 - 2 Our view of the environment clarifies
23 - 3 Modern molecular methods of microbial census
23 - 4 The environment influences microbial activity
23 - 5 Why are the majority of the world's microbes unculturable?
23 - 6 Culturing the unculturable
23 - 7 Microbial Communities in the Acid Mine
23 - 8 Summary
24 - 1 Introduction
24 - 2 Physical Characteristics of Soil
24 - 3 Soil community structure and degradation patterns
24 - 4 Nutrient flow in the soil
24 - 5 Microbes in soil
24 - 6 Subsurface environments are hot, high-pressure environments
24 - 7 Summary
25 - 1 Introduction
25 - 2 Aquatic environments are the largest surface environments on earth
25 - 3 Microbiology of rivers
25 - 4 Microbiology of lakes
25 - 5 The open ocean
25 - 6 Microbial life below the surface of the ocean has fewer nutrients, except at deep sea ocean vents.
25 - 7 Microorganisms participate in the cycling of elements
25 - 8 Summary
26 - 1 Introduction
26 - 2 Useful metabolites from microbes
26 - 3 Growth of microbes in industry
26 - 4 Water treatment is essential to public health
26 - 5 Health and Food microbiology are important industries
26 - 6 Fermentations of milk
26 - 7 Yeast fermentations and food spoilage
26 - 8 Bread, sauerkraut and food spoilage
26 - 9 Enzymes from microorganisms are used in a wide variety of products
26 - 10 Industrial microbiology is also important in agriculture
26 - 11 Summary
27 - 1 Introduction
27 - 2 Examples of protozoa and macroorganism relatives
27 - 3 More protists
27 - 4 Fungi
27 - 5 More Fungi - Dikaryomycota, rusts, smuts and yeast
27 - 6 Slime molds are unusual organisms that share both protozoan and fungal properties
27 - 7 Summary
28 - 1 Introduction
28 - 2 α Proteobacteria, Part 1
28 - 3 α Proteobacteria, Part 2
28 - 4 β Proteobacteria
28 - 5 γ Protoebacteria - Part 1
28 - 6 γ Protoebacteria, Part 2
28 - 7 δ Proteobacteria
28 - 8 ε Proteobacteria
28 - 9 Actinobacteria - High GC microbes
28 - 10 Firmicutes, Part 1
28 - 11 Firmicutes, Part 2
28 - 12 Other photosynthetic divisions, Cyannobacteria, Chlorobi and Chloroflexi
28 - 13 Spirochaetes, Planctomycetes and Deinococcus
28 - 14 Bacteroidetes and Thermotogae
28 - 15 Summary
29 - 1 Introduction
29 - 2 <i>Euryarchaeota</i> - Methanogens
29 - 3 <i>Euryarchaeota</i> - Extreme halophiles
29 - 4 <i>Euryarchaeota</i> - Thermoacidophilic bacteria and extreme thermophiles
29 - 5 Crenarchaeota
29 - 6 <i>Korarchaeota</i> and <i>Nanoarchaeota</i>
29 - 7 Summary